Historical
Background of Management
Management origin
not clearly traced in history. However, it would not be wrong to say that it is
as old as the origin of human beings.
•
Modern Management began in the late 19th c.
• Organization were seeking ways to better satisfy customer needs.
•
Machinery was changing the way goods were produced.
•
Managers had to increase the efficiency of the worker-task mix.
•
Planning, organizing, leading and controlling became necessary.
Early Management
Theories
•
Early Theories of Organization merged mainly from military and
Catholic Church. The symbol of the machine was dominant,
where Organization are viewed as machines. Therefore, the organizational
application was, since workers behave predictably, management knows what to
expect, and workers operating outside expectations are replaced.
Modern mgt is the
collaboration of people and machines to create value. In the early days of
industrialization the innovators of machines and the innovators of organization
and management were engineers. Engineers, after all, were the ones closest to
the machines, and this fact placed them at the interaction of workers and
machines. This certainly helps explain Frederick Taylor and his invention of
"Scientific Management".
CLASSICAL MANAGEMENT
THEORIES
▪ Emerged in the early part of the 20th c.
▪ Models were military and the Catholic Church.
▪ Features
• Strict CONTROL of workers
• Absolute CHAINS of COMMAND
• PREDICTABILITY of behavior
• UNIDIRECTIONAL downward influence
There are 3
well-established theories of classical mgt:
• Taylor’s Theory of Scientific Management,
• Fayol’s Administrative Theory,
• Weber’s Theory of Bureaucracy.
However, Fayol’s
Administrative Theory and Weber’s Theory of Bureaucracy emphasize development
of managerial principles rather than work methods.
SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT THEORY The search for efficiency started
with the study of how managers could
improve person–task relationships to
increase efficiency. The concept of
job specialization and division of labour
remains the basis for the design of
work settings in modern organizations. New
developments like lean production and
total quality management are often viewed
as advances on the early scientific
management principles developed by Taylor
and the Gilbreths.
ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT
THEORY
Max Weber and Henri Fayol
outlined principles of bureaucracy and administration that are as relevant
to managers today as when they were
written at the turn of the twentieth century.
Much of modern management research
refines these principles to suit
contemporary conditions. For example,
the increasing interest in the use of crossdepartmental
teams and the empowerment of workers
are issues that managers
also faced a century ago.
BEHAVIOURAL MANAGEMENT THEORY Researchers have described
many different approaches to
managerial behaviour, including Theories X and Y.
Often, the managerial behaviour that
researchers suggest reflects the context of
their own historical era and culture.
Mary Parker Follett advocated managerial
behaviours that did not reflect
accepted modes of managerial behaviour at the
time, but her work was largely
ignored until conditions changed.
MANAGEMENT SCIENCE THEORY The various branches of management
science theory provide rigorous
quantitative techniques that give managers
more control over their
organization’s use of resources to produce goods
and services.
ORGANIZATIONAL ENVIRONMENT THEORY The importance of
studying the organization’s external
environment became clear after the development
of open-systems theory and contingency
theory during the 1960s. A main
focus of contemporary management
research is to find methods to help managers
improve the way they utilize
organizational resources and compete successfully in
the global environment. Strategic
management and total quality management are
two important approaches intended to
help managers make better use of organizational
resources.
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